Keep in mind, most of the actual terms are not important. Most actions in SolidWorks can be accomplished a variety of ways and knowing the details of how they are made aren't as important as the final outcome.
SolidWorks utilizes a traditional keyboard & mouse setup along with many keyboard shortcuts and mouse gestures
Getting good with shortcuts is critical. The fewer movements/clicks/presses you have to do to accomplish the same goal, the more valuable you are.
There are at least five environments within SolidWorks, each is limited to the tools within that environment and you cannot complete actions outside its particular scope
SolidWorks is littered with iconography that is critical to its function
NOTE: This may be hidden if you haven't Pinned it (click pin icon), otherwise hover your cursor over the SOLIDWORKS Icon
Where you look at the model
You may click on graphical items
Possibly the most important/most used interface within SolidWorks
A history of what the model contains
Some quick-use icons
May be customized
Using the Hide/Show tool, you can selectively display items
Contains some custom properties
Drawing views may be inserted from this menu
Appearances may also be selected from here
Units are critical for manufacturing/accuracy
In most cases, IPS (Inch, Pound, Second) shall be used, otherwise MMGS (Milimeter, Gram, Second)
This is where most of your commonly used tools will be located
This may be customized
Click the image below that shows the Command Manager